From 5e4ad2777acc4c2420514e39fb98b7cf2e200996 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Douglas Rumbaugh <dbr4@psu.edu>
Date: Sun, 27 Apr 2025 17:36:57 -0400
Subject: Initial commit

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+\subsection{External and Concurrent Extensions} 
+
+\begin{figure*}[h]%
+    \centering
+    \subfloat[External Insertion Throughput]{\includegraphics[width=.5\textwidth]{img/sigmod23/plot/fig-bs-ext-insert.pdf} \label{fig:ext-insert}} 
+    \subfloat[External Sampling Latency]{\includegraphics[width=.5\textwidth]{img/sigmod23/plot/fig-bs-ext-sample.pdf} \label{fig:ext-sample}} \\
+
+    \subfloat[Concurrent Insert Latency vs. Throughput]{\includegraphics[width=.5\textwidth]{img/sigmod23/plot/fig-cc-irs-scale} \label{fig:con-latency}}
+    \subfloat[Concurrent Insert Throughput vs. Thread Count]{\includegraphics[width=.5\textwidth]{img/sigmod23/plot/fig-cc-irs-thread} \label{fig:con-tput}}
+    
+    \caption{External and Concurrent Extensions of DE-IRS}
+    \label{fig:irs-extensions}
+\end{figure*}
+
+Proof of concept implementations of external and concurrent extensions were
+also tested for IRS queries. Figures \ref{fig:ext-sample} and
+\ref{fig:ext-insert} show the performance of the external DE-IRS sampling index
+against AB-tree. DE-IRS was configured with 4 in-memory levels, using at most
+350 MiB of memory in testing, including bloom filters. { 
+For DE-IRS, the \texttt{O\_DIRECT} flag was used to disable OS caching, and
+CGroups were used to limit process memory to 1 GiB to simulate a memory
+constrained environment.  The AB-tree implementation tested
+had a cache, which was configured with a memory budget of 64 GiB. This extra
+memory was provided to be fair to AB-tree. Because it uses per-sample 
+tree-traversals, it is much more reliant on caching for good performance. DE-IRS was
+tested without a caching layer.} The tests were performed with 4 billion (80 GiB)
+{and 8 billion (162 GiB) uniform  and zipfian
+records}, and 2.6 billion (55 GiB) OSM records. DE-IRS outperformed the AB-tree
+by over an order of magnitude in both insertion and sampling performance.
+
+Finally, Figures~\ref{fig:con-latency} and \ref{fig:con-tput} show the
+multi-threaded insertion performance of the in-memory DE-IRS index with
+concurrency support, compared to AB-tree running entirely in memory, using the
+synthetic uniform dataset. Note that in Figure~\ref{fig:con-latency}, some of
+the AB-tree results are cut off, due to having significantly lower throughput
+and higher latency compared with the DE-IRS. Even without concurrent
+merging, the framework shows linear scaling up to 4 threads of insertion,
+before leveling off; throughput remains flat even up to 32 concurrent
+insertion threads. An implementation with support for concurrent merging would
+scale even better.
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